Currie v Misa (1874-1875) LR 10 Ex 153 6. Currie v Misa(1875) LR 10 Ex 153. Worksheet 2 Case Summaries: Nature, Function and Purpose of Consideration. Duffy and others v Newcastle United Football Club Ltd.(2000) All ER (D) 892. ... /Certificate or from proceeds of other receipts /certificates issued in renewal thereof at any time without any reference to us ,to the said loan/OD account. Brief summary of or your personal thoughts on a source. L. REv. 3- Lawful Consideration: In Currie v. Misa, Justice Lush defined consideration, “A valuable Consideration in the sense of law may consist either in some Rights, Interest, Profit or Benefit accruing to one party or some forbearance detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other”. Donoghue v. Stevenson(1932) AC 532. Hamer v Sidway. During this time, Mr Balfour told Mrs Balfour that he would pay her £30 a month. FOX FILES combines in-depth news reporting from a variety of Fox News on-air talent. Click here to download a PDF version of this article. In this essay, we shall study the role of consideration in contract law with reference to established case law, academic opinion and law principles, putting light to the impact that the case had on the doctrine and how it changed the working of the doctrine. Can be added to the end of a citation. 3- Lawful Consideration: In Currie v. Misa, Justice Lush defined consideration, “A valuable Consideration in the sense of law may consist either in some Rights, Interest, Profit or Benefit accruing to one party or some forbearance detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other”. Currie v Misa (1874) LR 10 Ex 153. Australian courts take the view that contract law arose in the actions of assumpsit, and concepts of motive and reliance.. Bargain theory is an important part of how contract law is understood; quid pro quo, is understood to be an essential element. Add reference. They raise some basic questions in relation to offer and acceptance in the law of formation of contract.’. Reference: See 1. Sec 493. Each party to a contract must be both a promisor and a promisee. The Legal Mechanism of the Deed . The court in the case of Currie v Misa defined consideration as a right, interest, profit, detriment, loss, or responsibility. Copy to Clipboard Reference Copied to Clipboard. In the case of Currie v Misa(1875), Consideration is defined as some form of profits, benefits or value-adding from one part to the other party. Related Entries in this European Reference: Howe V. Earl Of Dartmouth, Rule In Definition of Howe V. Earl Of Dartmouth, Rule In ((1802, 7 Yes. Definition of Consideration A valuable consideration in the sense of the law may consist either in some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the … Hartley v Ponsonby. Stilk v. Myrick (1809); cf. Currie v. Misa, L. R. Io Exch. Focus on Pickfords v Celestia (2003) – Revocation of an Offer. A legally valid (in the eyes of the law) contract is an agreement between two parties, binding themselves in a legal obligation to perform specific acts.Indian Contract Act, 1872, defines the term ‘contract’ as “an agreement enforceable by law between two or more parties to do/abstain from doing something”.Each party is obligated to perform the requisite … 137.) Introduction of Consideration: Consideration is an essential ingredient to form a binding and enforceable contract as it started with a promise given by one party in exchange for something given by the other party. Hollier v Rambler Motors (1972). Bank of West Africa Ltd. v Apenteng & Another (1953) 1 GLR 153, CA 6. reference to an article by me,5 stated in a somewhat misleading way my theory of the element of consideration in bilateral con- ... 55, 56 (i873). Intro. This meaning is explained in Currie v. Misa (1918) 46 I.C. Cas.554(H.L.) The claimant, Dunlop, manufactured tyres and distributed them to retailers for resale. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd., 1953 1 QB 401 (Eng.). Case: Currie v. Misa A company named Lizardi & Co,then in good credit in the City, sold four bills of exchange to Mr Misa, drawn from a bank in Cadiz. – Now distinction needs to be drawn between (i) contractual duties to supply goods or services and (ii) contractual duties to pay debts. This meaning is explained in Currie v. Misa (1918) 46 I.C. Currie v. Misa (1867) App. 1 Swenson Bros. v. Commercial State Bank, 98 Neb. So in Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153, 162 Lush J stated, ‘A valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit, or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility, given, suffered, or undertaken by the other.’ There are two types of consideration: executed and executory. Consideration is, following Currie v Misa [1874], a promise made for a promise of something done at the request of the promisor and its function is to differentiate gratuitous promises enforced through deeds from binding contracts. Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Company v New Garage & Motor co [1915] AC 79 House of Lords. Its main characteristic is that the promissor must give a promise of something that is of value, and the promisee must … expression “consideration” as given by Lush, J., in Currie v. Misa4, which states, “A valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit, or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility, given, suffered, or undertaken by the other”. Currie v Misa. 19 at 20 where Mr. Justice Lush in delivering the judgment of the Court says: ... Reference is made to Exhibit B-2 in Exhibit B-3 and the parties assumed as if Exhibit B-2 has been incorporated entirely in Exhibit B-3. Edmonds v Lawson (2000). Defining consideration in terms of detriment and benefit is very much a 19th-century concept and one which is not popular today. Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Ltd. V Selfridge & Co Ltd (1915) AC 847 at 853 3. In evaluating these principles reference will be made to case law, judicial comment and of leading contract academics work. Dyson LJ. However, Lizardi was insubstantial debt to Mr. Currie’s bank and was being pressed for payment. Such development has allowed the decision in Stilk v Myrick (supra n.6) to now be distinguished in latter cases, as the application of the doctrine of consideration has become increasingly flexible. Callisher v Bischoffsheim. Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Exch 153 Google Scholar. The court opined that because words “are … The contract between Dunlop and New Garage contained a clause preventing New garage from selling the tyres below list price. Consideration is existed when both parties agree to exchange certain goods or money. Edwards v Skyways Ltd.(1964) 1 WLR 349 . 1 The definition of consideration can be learnt through the explanation given by Lush Judge in the case of Currie v Misa 2 where a valuable consideration, in the sense … From £124. Essay Writing Service. Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). However, Lizardi was in substantial debt to Mr. Currie’s bank and was being pressed for payment. A few days later, upon paying in the cheque, Mr. Mirsa learned of Lizardi’s stopped payments and outstanding debts, instructing his bankers not to honour the cheque. 124 HARVARD LAW REVIEW tract is made, applying the same test of consideration to bilateral In Currie v. Read more at wikipedia. For: Arthur Hoyle. 19 at 20 where Mr. Justice Lush in delivering the judgment of the Court says: ... Reference is made to Exhibit B-2 in Exhibit B-3 and the parties assumed as if Exhibit B-2 has been incorporated entirely in Exhibit B-3. Both parties should be agree the terms and conditions. 9, Acts of Parliament ... Currie v. Misa, 1874 LR 10 Ex 153 (Eng.). • Reference to supporting case authority (for example, Balfour v Balfour, Currie v Misa, Dunlop v Selfridge) AO2 . Mr Currie was the owner of the banking firm and the plaintiff bringing the action. The key case that defined ‘consideration’ is Currie v Misa (1875), which states that consideration can consist of a right, interest, profit, benefit, detriment or forbearance. ... Reference was made. In the contract, each person gives up something. Under English law, each party to a contract must have provided ‘consideration’ in order to enforce their agreement (see definition given by Lush J in Currie v Misa). ... In-text: (Currie v Misa, [1875]) Your Bibliography: Currie v Misa [1875]. Dyson LJ. The above explanation was illustrated in the case of Currie v. Misa Therefore, consideration in the contract of employment is the salary and other fringe benefits which an employee earns on one part and services which an employer receives on the other part. So in Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153, 162 Lush J stated, ‘A valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit, or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility, given, suffered, or undertaken by the other.’ Create your citations, reference lists and bibliographies automatically using the APA, MLA, Chicago, or Harvard referencing styles. forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other”. The common law cases have provided that in a … Either a detriment suffered or a benefit accrued is sufficient – it is not necessary for both to be present – this was made clear by Lush J in Currie v Misa (see also the case Edmonds v Lawson where the Court of Appeal only found consideration in the form of benefit). Texts: B. Pentony, S. Graw, J. Lennard, D. Parker (1999) Understanding Business Law, Australia, Butterworths. This worked for a little while, but the couple eventually drifted apart and decided to divorce. A brief history. diff –git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes index 74ff35caa337326da11140ff032496408d14b55e..6da329702838fa955455abb287d0336eca8d4a8d 100644 — a/.gitattributes Currie v Misa [1975] LR 10 EX 4. Agreements without consideration. Cas. Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153; (1875–76) LR 1 App Cas 554, is an English contract law case, which in the Exchequer Chamber contains a famous statement by Lush J giving the definition of consideration in English law. Woodward v Johnstone (1992) 2 Qd R 214 at 225-6; (1991) 14 Fam LR 828. Cherere s/o Guluki v R (1955) 22 EACA 478. Currie v. Misa (1875) L.R. Consideration must “consist either in some right, interest, profit, or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility given, suffered, or undertaken by the other.” (p 162). Its main characteristic is that the promissor must give a promise of something that is of value, and the promisee must give something of value in exchange. Reference. Section reference: 6.2 Your response *not completed Which of the following are essential features of a valid simple contract? Reference List 6 of 6 1.0. CURRIE v. MISA (1875) L.R. Dissertation Writing Service. Currie v Misa (1874) LR 10 Ex 153 Consideration in the formation of a contract. 1 The definition of consideration can be learnt through the explanation given by Lush Judge in the case of Currie v Misa 2 where a valuable consideration, in the sense … In contract law consideration is concerned with the bargain of the contract. Facts Lizardi & Co. sold a number of bills of exchange to Mr. Misa, drawn from a banking firmowned by Mr. Currie, and were to be paid on the next day. Either a detriment suffered or a benefit accrued is sufficient – it is not necessary for both to be present – this was made clear by Lush J in Currie v Misa (see also the case Edmonds v Lawson where the Court of Appeal only found consideration in the form of benefit). Consideration is a concept of English common law and is a necessity for simple contracts but not for special contracts (contracts by deed).The concept has been adopted by other common law jurisdictions. ... 5. Under common law, there can be no binding contract without consideration, it was defined in an Currie v Misa (1875) as “some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, … White v Bluett. Section 2 (d) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, states, consideration may be furnished by ‘the promisee or any other person’ as long as it is ‘at the desire of the promisor’. Case Question 1. In Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Exch 153 Lush J defined this as "some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other". The doctrine of consideration appears to be a unique concept of English and Welsh common law, adopted by some other jurisdictions. Stilk v Myrick. The crucial first steps of forming a valid contract involve an offer and acceptance. Currie v Misa (1874) LR 10 Ex 153 Consideration in the formation of a contract. Appeal Its main characteristic is that the promissor must give a promise of something that is of value, and the promisee must give something of value in exchange. Lush J said, In Thomas v Thomas, Patteson J stated that consideration must be of value in the eyes of the law. ‘It is as if the facts of this case have been devised for an examination question on the law of contract for first year law students. Cundy v Lindsay (1878). Currie v. Misa (1867) App. Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153; (1875-76) LR 1 App Cas 554, is an English contract law case, which in the Exchequer Chamber contains a famous statement by Lush J giving the definition of consideration in English law. The couple therefore decided that Mrs Balfour would stay in England while Mr Balfour returned to Ceylon. Dissertation Writing Service. Consideration is classically defined by reference to Currie v Misa[1] which held that: valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit or benefit, accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment; loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other.” The court in the case of Currie v Misa defined consideration as a right, interest, profit, detriment, loss, or responsibility. Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153 The court was asked to define what valuable consideration is: Held: Lush J: “A valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit, or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility, given, suffered, or undertaken by the other” It was said by the English Kings Bench Division in Sharington v Strotton (1564) 1 Plow. – Regarding (i) see Williams v. Similarly, the law also provides that was consideration does not act as a valid consideration. Facts of Currie v Misa. 153 at 162. per Our at page 162 affirmed sub nom Misa v. Currie (1876) 1 A.C. 554..' From these passages it is abundantly clear that valuable consideration does not necessarily mean the payment of money or in kind. Copy to Clipboard Reference Copied to Clipboard. Silence is not acceptance of an offer. 298, 308 that the law of England was that there were two ways of making contracts or agreements. According to the Roman standards, a contract from the necessity of things is bilateral, … One by words and one in writing. Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Exch 153; 44 LJ Ex 94; 23 WR 450; and Affd 1 App Cas 554, HL. English contract law is the body of law that regulates legally binding agreements in England and Wales.With its roots in the lex mercatoria and the activism of the judiciary during the industrial revolution, it shares a heritage with countries across the Commonwealth (such as Australia, Canada, India), from membership in the European Union, continuing membership in Unidroit, … 10 – – – – 2 DE FRANCESCO v. BARNUM (1890) 45 CH.D. Anstalt Nybro v Hong Kong Resort Co Ltd [1980] HKLR 76 7. I53 (i875), cited 27 HARV. The law defines a consideration as a benefit to be received by a party to a contract or the detriment to be incurred by another party to the contract. Introduction of Consideration: Consideration is an essential ingredient to form a binding and enforceable contract as it started with a promise given by one party in exchange for something given by the other party. Indian Contract Act, 1872, § 2(h), No. Book. However, towards the end of the nineteenth century, the case of Currie v. Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153 came along and allowed Lush J to define consideration in the following way: “A valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist either of some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment loss or responsibility, … Currie ( Scottish Gaelic: Currach) is a suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland, situated 10 kilometres south west of the city centre. 153, 167-169 (1875). Currie v Misa [1875] consideration was defined as: “some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one party, or some . This simply means that as long as a promisee is able to prove detriment on his part OR a … Facts- Lizardi & Co. sold a number of bills of exchange to Mr. Misa, drawn from a banking firm owned by … Reference. A contract is based on an exchange of promises. ASSIGNMENT 2. Where consideration has been given (executed), consideration has already been carried out. Williams v Roffey. A former village within the County of Midlothian, it lies to the south west of the city, between Juniper Green (NE) and Balerno (SW) on the Lanark Road. Haining v The Republic [1970] EA 620 High Court of Tanzania. 10 Exch. Date Accessed. The traditional definition comes from the case of Currie v Misa [1875] where Luch LJ states: 'A valuable consideration in the sense of the law may consist either in some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one party or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility, given suffered or undertaken by the other.' Meaning and Translation of Chaplin V Hicks in Urdu Script and Roman Urdu with Reference and Related Words. These authorities are discussed in Section I. Single-sided variations are problematic because of the doctrine of consideration. Kessie v Charmant & Another [1973] GLR 194 2. Good consideration as decided in Currie v Misa (1875) is usually valuable in the eyes of law, by means of profit or benefit to one party, or some loss or detriment suffered by the other party. The program will feature the breadth, power and journalism of rotating Fox News anchors, reporters and producers. Related Services View all . Unformatted text preview: Consideration Sunday, 20 February 2022 12:20 am Consideration Overview Defining Consideration • Defined in Currie v Misa (1875). Basic concern of courts here has been to minimise risk of extortion and duress. 430, 438 – – – – – – – 39 DON EDWARD ADEJUMO v. UCH BOARD OF MANAGEMENT (1997)2 UILR 145 – – – 13,22 ... E-Project Topics Material Centre will only provide projects as a reference for your research. 520, n. 41. Advise Jason Miao whether he can go back on his promise of paying the extra $5,000. The court in the case of Currie v Misa defined consideration as a right, interest, profit, detriment, loss, or responsibility. Set out in Currie v Misa "some right, interest, profit, or benefit accruing to the one party..." "or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other" Pao On. ... /Certificate or from proceeds of other receipts /certificates issued in renewal thereof at any time without any reference to us ,to the said loan/OD account. The result is that generally the courts do not go into the issue of adequacy of consideration (Currie v Misa, 1875). The case for this is (felthouse v bindley 1862) . The main focus is on performance of existing duty. Chappel v Nestle. Consideration in the formation of a contract. It's fast and free! Traditional Definition of Consideration in Currie v Misa. In the law of contract, the rule is that a consideration but be something of value. Please Use Our Service If You’re: Wishing for a unique insight into a subject matter for your subsequent individual research; Looking to expand your knowledge on a particular subject matter; Essay Writing Service. In Currie v. Misa, it was defined, “A valuable consideration in the sense of the law may consist either in some right, interest, forbearance, ... All evidence-based statements are supported with proper reference to Section, Circular No., Notification No. Esso Petroleum v Commissioners of Customs & Excise(1976) 1 WLR 1. The month, day, and year a work was accessed or reviewed online. Thomas v Thomas. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. Related Services View all . From £124. Ferrera v Littlewoods pools(1998) EWCA Civ 618 . clauses that can be a useful reference when drafting a contract. MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL LAW PAPER 3 CONTRACT – CODE – SERIES 8 • Application to suggest that it is doubtful whether an intention to create legal relations can be Cas.554(H.L.) ... Ruxley Electronics and Construction Ltd v Forsyth: Currie v Misa: Bunge Corp v Tradax Export SA: CTN Cash and Carry Ltd v Gallaher Ltd: Wikipedia. Electronically Published. ... Locus Assignments provides samples for guidance and reference purpose only. Firstly, consideration is a vital component of a binding contract. The doctrine has changed little from its inception - save for being ex tended in Currie v Misa ... Reference may be also made to vari ous Abridgments, both major and m inor, viz. Caparo Industries plc v Dickman (1990). The expressions in the agreement with reference to the ground rent, and the evidence of one of the witnesses, shew that the property was held under a superior landlord: the assignee's obligation to pay rent and repair would therefore be implied from the very nature and state of things which existed between the parties; Bayley J. in Burnett v. Hartley v. Ponsonby (1857). In Currie v. Misa, it had been defined, “A valuable consideration within the sense of the law may consist either in some right, interest, forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility, given, suffered or undertaken by the other.” The contract would simply become void if no consideration is there. Lalman Shukla v. Gauri Dutt, (1913) 40 ALJ 489 (India). This benefit or detriment is referred to as consideration. So Currie v. Misa basically asserted the “benefit gained and detriment suffered” principle in consideration and this case precedent remains extremely important in the law of contract to this day. Maufi (Joseph) v The Republic (Tanzania) [1965] EA 708, High Court of Tanzania. From £124. Stilk v Myrick2 and Williams v Roffey Bros3 govern ‘more for the same’ scenarios, and Foakes v Beer4 and Re Selectmove5 govern ‘less for the same’ scenarios. The court in Currie v Misa declared consideration to be a “Right, Interest, Profit, Benefit, or Forbearance, Detriment, Loss, Responsibility”. Lizardi & Co. sold a number of bills of exchange to Mr. Misa, drawn from a banking firm owned by Mr. Currie, and were to be paid on the next day. However, Lizardi was in substantial debt to Mr. Currie’s bank and was being pressed for payment. They must each receive a benefit and each suffer a detriment. In English law, the original principle of this “badge of enforceability” is the doctrine of consideration. Darlington Borough Council v Wiltshier Northern Ltd (1995) 3 All ER 895 Google Scholar. CONSIDERATION. Local Circuit Switching Capability, including Tandem Switching Capability 4.2.1 Local circuit switching capability is defined as: (A) line-side facilities, which include, but are not limited to, the connection between a loop termination at a main distribution frame and a switch line card; (B) trunk-side facilities, which include, but are not limited to, the connection between trunk … to passages in the speeches of Lord Pearce and Lord Wilberforce in Esso Petroleum Co. Ltd v Harper’s Garage [1968] AC 269 HL with which I wholly agree. The basic definition of an offer provides that it is an… In simple terms, it means that each … Lizardi & Co. sold a number of bills of exchange to Mr. Misa, drawn from a banking firm owned by Mr. Currie, and were to be paid on the next day. The definition that is most frequently used is from the seminal case on the issue , Currie v Misa . Elliot, C. and Quinn, F. Contract law 2013 - Pearson Education Limited. For an agreement to become binding, the parties must show that they supplied consideration; Currie v. Misa (1875), and such consideration may exist of “either in some right, interest, profit, or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility given, suffered, or undertaken by the other”. They raise some basic questions in relation to offer and acceptance in the law of formation of contract.’. See e.g. The only requirement in this regard is that the consideration should be lawful. Consideration in the formation of a contract. However, Lizardi was in substantial debt to Mr. Currie’s bank and was being pressed for payment. From £124. Glossary of Selected Terms Annotation. Focus on Pickfords v Celestia (2003) – Revocation of an Offer. But the presence of consideration is not universal. Consequently, LushJ in Currie v Misa [1875] LR 10 Exch 153, 162 explained the meaning of a valid consideration thus: A definition of valuable consideration which has been quoted frequently and with approval by English and American courts is as follows: "A valuable consideration in the sense of the law may consist either in some right, interest, profit, or benefit, accruing to one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility given, suffered, or undertaken by the other. o Currie v Misa. ‘It is as if the facts of this case have been devised for an examination question on the law of contract for first year law students. Cases: Currie v Misa (1885) LR 10 Ex 153. However, Lizardi was in substantial debt to Mr. Currie’s bank and was being pressed for payment. Facts of Currie v Misa Lizardi & Co. sold a number of bills of exchange to Mr. Misa, drawn from a banking firm owned by Mr. Currie, and were to be paid on the next day. Cases where this expression has been defined have also been brought to our notice. Ramadhani v The Republic (Tanzania) [1974] EA 81, EACA. Consideration, by our common law, is that which one party to a contract gives or does or promises in exchange for what is given or done or promised by the other party.A consideration, therefore, is an essential incident of a contract; nor is the English common law peculiar in so holding. Lush J’s statement in Currie v Misa is said to represent the classic definition of consideration, describing it broadly as: “some right, interest, profit, or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility, given, suffered, or undertaken by … '702, 154 N. W. 233 (1915) (president exceeded authority; also said not to be "ordinary banking ... and that of Lord Coleridge, C. J., dissenting in Currie v. Misa, L. R. 10 Ex. Indeed, each legal system introduced some rules in order to determine which agreement is enforceable; this corpus of rules is called badge of enforceability”. Hyde v Wrench (1840). As stated by Lush J in Currie v Misa [1875], ‘A valuable consideration, in the sense of law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit, or benefit accruing to the one party or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or RESPONSIBILITY, GIVEN, SUFFERED, OR UNDERTAKEN BY THE OTHER’8. In the case of Currie v. Misa, the court defined valuable consideration as “in the sense of the law may consist either in some right, interest, forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other”. Japan Motors v Randolph Motors Co. Ltd. 91982 – 3) Ghana LR 359 5. ... Currie v Misa (1876) 1 App. Please illustrate your answer with reference to 3 articles and case laws.” Consideration can be classified as one party expect to get benefit from other according to the act performed by parties with a contractual deal. Dickinson v Dodds(1876) 2 Ch D 463. Currie v Misa (1875). Introduction to Business Law.

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